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Italian Scientific Technique Dates Shroud of Turin to Around the Time of Christ’s Death and Resurrection

An Italian scientist is claiming a new technique using X-ray dating shows the Holy Shroud of Turin to be much older than some scientists have stated, and that it does in fact coincide with Christian tradition by dating back to around the time of Christ’s death and resurrection.
Working with a team of other researchers, Liberato De Caro of Italy’s Institute of Crystallography of the National Research Council in Bari used a “Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering” method to examine the natural aging of cellulose that constitutes a sample of the famous linen cloth.
They concluded that their peer reviewed research shows the Holy Shroud is compatible with the hypothesis that it is much older than seven centuries old — the conclusion reached in 1988 using carbon dating techniques — and is around 2,000 years old.
In this April 13 email interview with the Register, De Caro, who has been investigating the Holy Shroud for 30 years, explains more about the discovery, why he believes the X-Ray technique is superior to carbon dating for determining the age of fabric fibers, and discusses other recent discoveries that also point to the Holy Shroud’s authenticity.
Dr. De Caro, please could you share with us in layman’s terms your findings regarding the Holy Shroud of Turin?
The Shroud of Turin is the most important relic of Christianity. According to Christian tradition, it is the burial shroud that would have wrapped the body of Jesus after his crucifixion.
For about 30 years, I have been using investigative techniques on the scale of atoms, in particular through X-rays, and three years ago we developed a new method for dating samples taken from linen fabrics. A macroscopic example of a fabric microfiber is like that of a bundle of spaghetti: at first they all have the same length, but if you subject the bundle to accidental shocks, the more the shocks increase, the more the spaghetti breaks. As the number of shocks increases, always of the same intensity, the average length of the spaghetti decreases over time, until it reaches a minimum length.
A similar thing happens to the polymer chains of cellulose which, like spaghetti but with a section on the scale of a billionth of a meter, gradually break over the centuries due to the combined effect of temperature, humidity, light and the action of chemical agents in the environment in which they are found. Natural aging depends only on ambient temperature and relative humidity. We have therefore developed a method to measure the natural aging of flax cellulose using X-rays and then convert it into time elapsed since fabrication. The new dating method, based on a technique called Wide Angle X-ray Scattering, was first tested on linen samples already dated using other techniques, on samples that had nothing to do with the Shroud, and then applied to a sample taken from the Shroud of Turin.
How long did your research take and has it, or will it be, peer reviewed?
The research started in 2019 but then the pandemic regrettably caused delays. We finally applied the new X-ray dating technique to a sample of the Shroud of Turin, and the findings of the research were published in the international journal Heritage after about a month of preparation and revision, during which our work was evaluated and peer reviewed by three other independent experts and the journal’s editor. The research has also been highlighted on the website of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Italy’s National Research Council].
The study was carried out in the X-ray laboratories of the Institute of Crystallography of the National Council of Research (Bari, Italy), in collaboration with Professor G. Fanti of the University of Padua.
Has the Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering method been used before?
The first published paper from 2019 demonstrated the reliability of the new X-ray dating technique on a series of samples, taken from linen fabrics ranging in age from 3000 BC to 2000 AD (see black, red, green and blue curves in the figure below). These curves show that the sample of the Shroud of Turin (orange curve in the picture) should be much older than the approximately seven centuries indicated by the radio-dating carried out in 1988. [To see the same figure with axes and scientific detail see here].
How accurate are the methods you’ve used compared to the carbon dating methods previously used, particularly the research used in 1988?
In 1988, carbon-14 dating [also called radiocarbon dating, a method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon] of samples taken from the Shroud by three separate laboratories indicated that it should only be about seven centuries old. Therefore, according to the results of the radio-dating, the shroud wouldn’t be an authentic relic since it is from the medieval period. However, fabric samples are usually subject to all kinds of contamination, which cannot always be controlled and completely removed from the dated specimen. About half the volume of a natural fiber yarn is empty space, interstitial space, filled with air or something else, between the fibers that compose it. Anything that gets in between the fibers must be carefully removed. If the cleaning procedure of the sample is not thoroughly performed, carbon-14 dating is not reliable. This may have been the case in 1988, as confirmed by experimental evidence showing that when moving from the periphery towards the center of the sheet, along the longest side, there is a significant increase in carbon-14 [radiocarbon].
In short, we are dealing with two dating techniques — radiocarbon and X-ray — which have very different results. In such cases, when two different techniques do not agree on a date, caution is required before final conclusions are reached. The technique of dating linen by X-ray is non-destructive. Therefore, it can be repeated several times on the same sample. Considering the results of medieval dating obtained by carbon-14, and those obtained by WAXS analysis which show compatibility with 2000 years of history, it would be more than desirable to have a collection of X-ray measurements carried out by several laboratories, on several samples, at most millimetric in size, taken from the Shroud. The technique using X-rays requires very small tissue samples, with linear dimensions even smaller than 1 mm, and this is an advantage compared to radio-dating, which usually requires much larger samples and is destructive, since only one measurement of the carbon-14 content can be made on the same sample.
What is your view on other theories that are said to prove the authenticity of the Holy Shroud, for example botanical evidence found in 1999, or radiation caused by an earthquake that induced the image on the shroud?
The documented history of the Shroud spans seven centuries and all of it located in Europe. Based on the results of radio-dating, the Shroud would be seven centuries old and has always been in Europe. However, the earlier study of pollen trapped in its fibers had already shown a consistent presence of pollen from the Middle East, in particular from the ancient region of Palestine, as if the Shroud had been in that geographical area and not in Europe for a significant period of its history.
In order to be more certain about the pollen, we could go back to analyzing the Shroud with the aim of understanding in which geographical areas it might have been. In fact, our study has shown that dating depends on the average secular temperature of the geographical region in which the linen artefact was preserved. The presence of pollen or minerals typical of some regions and not of others could help clarify its ‘hidden history,’ its presence in other geographical regions characterized by much higher temperatures than those in Europe.
The Shroud of Turin challenges science, and each new piece of research could clarify part of the complex puzzle this relic represents. For example, the Shroud’s image has yet to find a definitive explanation from those who have studied it, an explanation shared by the entire scientific community. It is as if a photographic plate had been imprinted by radiation. By studying the traces left on the plate, one tries to trace the nature of the radiation and its properties. The same could be done for the Shroud’s image.
For this reason, the idea that a neutron flux could have enriched the linen fabric of the Shroud with carbon-14, distorting its radio-dating, dates back to 1989. One of two short contributions, one by T. J. Phillips, also published in the journal Nature, begins with these words: “If the Shroud of Turin is in fact the burial cloth of Christ, contrary to its recent carbon-dated age of about 670 years (Nature 335, 663; 1988 and 337, 611; 1989), then according to the Bible it was present at a unique physical event: the resurrection of a dead body. Unfortunately, this event is not accessible to direct scientific scrutiny.”
Therefore, if, from a scientific point of view, one rejects a priori to investigate the hypothesis of the resurrection and the traces that it could have left on the linen cloth, it is necessary to go in search of natural phenomena that, by chance, could have caused a consistent flow of neutrons, so as to change the isotopic abundance of carbon-14 of the shroud — as the hypothesis of the earthquake, to which you refer, proposes. At this point, one has to ask: do we have evidence anywhere else in the world of at least one scientifically verified case in which a natural phenomenon has changed the isotopic abundance of a chemical element?
Is there such evidence?
Yes, an answer to this question can be found at Oklo, a uranium deposit near Franceville, south-east Gabon, from which the fuel for French nuclear power stations is extracted. At enrichment plants, the concentration of uranium-235 in the ore extracted from the mines is always checked to ensure it is of natural origin. The proportion of uranium-235 in relation to all possible isotopes is fixed, and is also the same for lunar samples and meteorites.
In June 1972, a shipment arrived at Pierrelatte in France with a lower than natural composition, so much so that the authorities were alerted, and a scientific investigation began which lasted several months. It was discovered that in the past, in 17 strands of the deposit, the right conditions had been created so that the neutrons emitted in spontaneous fissions of uranium, slowed down by the water circulating in the deposit, could reproduce a chain reaction that locally reduced the natural isotopic abundance of uranium-235.
What does this example show? That sometimes, even in nature, very special conditions occur which, due to a combination of factors, make what has happened truly unique and unrepeatable. Therefore, wisdom should teach us to be very humble, respectful and prudent when studying natural phenomena, before coming to definitive conclusions that may sometimes be hasty and therefore wrong. Obviously, this is all the more true when it comes to the resurrection of Jesus Christ, a unique event in history which countless people believe. At least caution is warranted out of respect for this faith.
How significant are your findings for the Church and will the Vatican be involved in trying to authenticate them?
The Archdiocese of Turin more than the Vatican could be interested in this kind of research. In fact, in 2002 some threads were already taken from the Shroud and kept by the Archdiocese of Turin for future scientific studies. It would be enough to take 1-mm-long samples from these threads, combine them with other linen samples taken from other ancient fabrics of known date, and involve several laboratories in a dating experiment using the technique we have developed that uses X-rays. It could also be carried out as a blind experiment, that is, without laboratories knowing which samples are taken from the Shroud compared with those taken from other linen fabrics, to avoid any possible bias in the data analysis by the authors of the research.
Will you be doing more work on the Holy Shroud to further authenticate its true date?
It all depends on the possibility of having new samples to analyze. In any case, besides the Shroud, there are other important linen relics traditionally associated with Jesus, for example, the Sudarium of Oviedo or the Veil of Manoppello, which I have also studied in the past. This new dating technique is only in its infancy. It could, for example, also be extended to fabrics made from other plant fibers.
Sources:ncregister
world news
Faces of the Persecuted | Pastor Ojih

Nigeria – The sharp blade of a machete cut the ropes that tied Pastor Ojih’s feet together. Rough hands jerked him to his feet from the ground where he had laid for hours, singing praises to God with his cheek pressed into the dirt.
Pastor Ojih and several other Christians had been captured by radical Islamists, bound, and left alone to contemplate their fate under the scorching heat of Nigeria’s sun. They were told to stand and decide their fate.
“If you want to live for Christ, go to this side,” his captor said, jerking his hand toward a man dressed in white with a sword who stood apart from the captives. “If you want to go for Mohammad, remain where you are.”
Pastor Ojih led the way for those who would stand for Christ with a song of praise coming from his lips. Seven others followed. He watched, with tears in his eyes, as the men who turned to Islam to save their lives began to recite the Arabic vows to convert to Islam.
Pastor Ojih kneeled in front of his executioner and was given one last chance. His executioner raised his sword and asked him if he wanted to live as a Muslim or die as a Christian.
The husband and father of four turned to his companions and spoke his last words. “If you survive, tell my family that I died well and am living with Christ. And if we all die, we know that we died for the Lord.”
After hearing the testimonies of so many martyrs over the years, I’m struck by the fact that in account after account, you will find that the death of the martyr often involves a conscious choice. They are given a choice to turn away from Christ and live or to die in Christ.
If you are like most people, when you read accounts like Pastor Ojih and these early Christians, you are struck by their courage and are probably asking yourself, “Could I do what they did? Could I die as a faithful witness with a sword over my neck?”
In Luke 14:33, Jesus says, “Any of you who does not give everything he has, cannot be my disciple.” Are we willing to give up everything, even our own life, for God? He demands our everything, and yet we hold back. Our love for the world and its comforts often rivals our love for the One who offers us the greatest of treasures, an unconditional, incomprehensible love and the gift of eternal life.
Jesus calls us in Matthew 22 to love the Lord with all of our heart, soul, and mind. The martyrs are an inspiring example of what loving the Lord with all that is within us looks like. They’re not just being willing, but purposefully choosing to lay down their very life in order to demonstrate just how invaluable the love of God is. They consider the cost of their life a small price to pay for the great reward of being found faithful in Him.
Ojih and the apostles’ fate was sealed long before they met their executioner. Why? Because they had found the ultimate treasure that was worth everything to them. This is why death (eternal life) is their choice.
Sources:persecution
world news
Iranian Christian Refugee in Panama Faces Deadline to Find Asylum

Panama — After spending three months in Panama, a 27-year-old Iranian woman is still praying and searching for a safe country to accept her. And her time is running out.
Artemis Ghasemzadeh must find a haven by June 7, when her two-month humanitarian visa expires. Otherwise, she will be returned to Iran, where she will face extreme persecution for leaving Islam.
Ghasemzadeh’s journey began months ago when she fled Iran with her older brother, Shahin, first to Dubai and then to Mexico, where they hired a smuggler to take them into the United States.
The siblings were detained together for five days in San Diego and then separated: Ghasemzadeh to Panama with other refugees, and her brother to a Houston detention facility, where he remains. Other families were separated, too.
“At first, I thought we were going to Texas,” Ghasemzadeh told International Christian Concern (ICC) staffers during a WhatsApp video call this week. “And when we heard Panama, I was like, ‘Is that in the United States?’”
A phalanx of photographers and journalists met the Iranian refugees at the Panama hotel in late February. The New York Times broke the story, followed by other media outlets that were critical of the Trump Administration’s anti-immigration policies.
Ghasemzadeh spent a month at an unsanitary camp near the Darién Gap jungle, choosing to sleep outdoors, before moving to a hotel in Panama City with UNICEF support.
She is now staying with two Christian families from Iran and asylum-seekers from China, Vietnam, and Pakistan. They were initially given 30 days to leave the country but received a two-month reprieve.
Ghasemzadeh and her brother knew the challenges and risks of their journey. They were caught in the timing and dragnet of changing U.S. immigration policies and executive orders. Still, they were desperate to flee oppression in Iran, where converts to Christianity must hide their faith and worship as part of an underground house church, a growing and loose collection of believers who use apps to connect and support each other. Christian friends were caught and arrested.
When news about Ghasemzadeh’s situation broke, Iranian police visited her mother — her parents are divorced — seeking anything tied to her daughter and Christianity. Ghasemzadeh fears for her mother’s safety.
“In Iran, being a Christian when you’re born is OK,” Ghasemzadeh said. “There are even beautiful churches. But if you’re a Muslim and you convert to Christianity, it’s a problem. The police want to catch you because it’s not good for [the country].”
Armenian, Assyrian, and Catholic communities exist in Iran. Yet, like other Muslim-majority countries in the Middle East and beyond, Iran has strict anti-conversion laws that are punishable by imprisonment or death. Many Christians, criminals, politicians, and enemies of the state are sent to Iran’s notorious Evin Prison, which the U.S. Department of State and other bodies have cited for its human rights violations.
Lawyers from New York, Mexico, and Colombia are helping Ghasemzadeh and the other refugees in Panama find a country that will accept them. So far, potential sponsors have fallen through.
Ghasemzadeh said she would “rather die” than go back to Iran, knowing the fate that awaits her. ICC continues to advocate with government entities on Ghasemzadeh’s behalf and share her plight with the world.
Refoulement, or the forced return of refugees and asylum seekers to countries where they are likely to face persecution, is prohibited in many international treaty bodies, including the Convention against Torture and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED). The United States is party to the Convention against Torture but has refused to sign the ICPPED.
Adherence to non-refoulement is, according to the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “an implicit guarantee flowing from the obligations to respect, protect and fulfill human rights.”
While Ghasemzadeh remains surprisingly upbeat, peaceful, and feels the Lord’s presence in big and small ways, the reality of being cast away eats at her soul.
“I have many nightmares now. I don’t have my hometown, I don’t have the USA, and I don’t have a safe country; I don’t know the next step, where should I live … it’s really scary for me,” she said. “It’s a trip where you never come back to your country, and it may be the last time you see all of your family; maybe you can visit your family in the country, maybe not.”
Shahin became a follower of Christ in 2015 while living in Turkey. Ghasemzadeh visited him often and attended his church in part “to not be lonely.” When Shahin gave his sister a Bible, she absorbed the Scriptures. She became a believer in 2022.
In Panama, Ghasemzadeh spends most of her time at the hotel, fellowshiping with other believers and practicing her Spanish, or taking walks. She stays in touch with her brother in Houston and connects with friends and family on social media.
She writes in her journal each night and knows the Lord is near, that he has a plan for her life.
“Whatever happens to you, you should pray to God,” she said, “the good, the bad, you should just pray.”
Recently, Ghasemzadeh was reminded of Psalm 126:5: “Those who sow in tears will reap in shouts of joy.”
“I cry so much,” she said. “I’m waiting for my shouting of miracles.”
Sources:persecution
world news
Global Executions on the Rise in a Trend Led by the World’s Top Persecutors

United States — Amnesty International, a human rights watchdog group, last month released its annual report on global executions. The report documented 1,518 executions in 2024 — a 32% increase compared to 2023 and the highest global numbers in a decade.
These numbers do not include an estimated thousands of executions conducted by China, a leading persecutor of religion, or those executed in North Korea and Vietnam. China has long persecuted independent religion within its borders, subjecting millions of Uyghur Muslims to concentration camps and murdering religious minorities, especially Falun Gong practitioners, to sell their organs on the black market.
The North Korean government is consistently ranked as one of the most repressive of religious freedom and has been designated by the U.S. as a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) every year since 2001. There, owning a Bible or praying can lead to life in prison or even death.
Vietnam is designated as a Special Watchlist (SWL) country by the U.S. Department of State, indicating credible evidence that it has engaged in or tolerated severe violations of religious freedom.
Leading the list of documented executions were Iran and Saudi Arabia, both of which have been designated as CPCs for decades, given their consistent track records of particularly severe violations of religious freedom. Iran executed at least 972 people in 2024, while Saudi Arabia doubled its rate from 2023, with 345 executions in 2024.
While the Iranian government allows some degree of freedom for historically non-Muslim communities, converts from Islam to Christianity are viciously persecuted and are treated as a national security threat.
One of the world’s few theocracies, the Iranian system is built on extreme devotion to a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam. After the overthrow of the secular but authoritarian monarchy in 1979, Iran swung hard toward Islamist extremism and has continued on that path ever since, with a growing security apparatus designed to suppress religious and political dissent in every corner of society.
Iran’s constitution, finalized soon after the 1979 revolution, is a religious manifesto that quotes the Quran extensively and mandates the military to fulfill “the ideological mission of jihad in Allah’s way; that is, extending the sovereignty of Allah’s law throughout the world.”
For religious minorities in Iran, there is no escape from the extremist policies of a government fueled by an extremist interpretation of Shia Islam that leaves no room even for Sunni Islam, much less religious minorities like Christianity.
The United States has designated Saudi Arabia as a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) 13 times since first issuing the designation in 1999, including every year since 2016. The CPC designation is designed to pressure countries that engage in systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations of religious freedom.
Blasphemy and apostasy are both crimes under Saudi law, with punishment for these violations of Islamic morality including large fines, long terms in prison, floggings, and even death. According to the activist group Reprieve, Saudi Arabia has executed at least 212 people this year, surpassing the kingdom’s previous annual record of 196 people executed in 2022 and the 172 people executed in 2023.
The country’s blasphemy law, in essence, outlaws the expression of minority religious beliefs, while the ban on apostasy prevents Muslims from leaving Islam for another faith. Combined with the idea, taught in schools, that all infants are born Muslim, this leaves little room to identify with any faith other than Islam.
Public worship of any faith other than Islam is prohibited in Saudi Arabia, with the government enforcing this restriction carefully and only allowing private gatherings under the strictest of conditions.
As do many authoritarian regimes around the world, the Saudi government considers religious freedom to be a threat to its absolute grip on power. While it has managed to twist and manipulate Islam into a tool for the state, it does not allow even Muslims to practice their faith in freedom. It even maintains an enforcement agency to ensure that Muslims practice their faith in a way that does not interfere with the interests of the state.
Sources:persecution
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